There are in fact 2 types of winter tyres in europe. Some are designed for middle europe, and others for the nordic region. Nokian, the largest winter tyre suppliers in the nordic region specialise is tyres for this area, and that is probably why they win the most tests here.
The snowflake symbol is a canadian tire federation logo that can be put on tyres that show the design attributes (tread patter) of a winter tyre. There are no performance test requirements required to show the symbol, and some manufacturers don't use the symbol, most notably Nokian. So a tyre with the symbol could be a useless winter tyre, and one without could be the best winter tyre on the market. The Swedish tyre and rim association publish a list of tyres they deem suitable for winter use, as the symbol is not a good indication.
The words M+S also does not mean it is a winter (snow) tyre. Anyone can put this on their tyres.
Most winter tyres can be purchased with studs if required, and if allowed on the relevant countrys' roads. Denmark and Germany - not allowed. Sweden, Norway and Finland - allowed in winter.
In tests, the studded tyres always out-perfom the studless. And in fact, in countries where studded tyres are allowed, they perform a valuable service in that they rough up the ice, so that studless tyres perform better. So on virgin ice, studded perform better, but on roughed up ice, they seem to perform about the same. On wet ice, again studded out perform studdless, and usually by some margin.
Recently there have been tests including various asian manufactured winter tyres. Without exception, those from China performed terribly.
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