The injection timing on these engines is quite properly derived from the crankshaft via a variable reluctance transducer at the flywheel end. This gives minimal perturbation of the speed signal which will lead to poor governing. The phase relationship of the unit injector cam is largely immaterial so long as pressurised fuel is avaiable throughout the engine map.
The cam timing relative to the crank ("KW" in VAG speak) is adjustable via a slotted camwheel/hub assembly and should be set correctly when the belt or cylinder head is changed. An incorrect setting will degrade engine performance primarily due to incorrect valve timing although in extreme cases fuelling will be incorrect at timing limits. The correct setting can be verified via the diagnostic port without opening the bonnet.
These engines are sophisticated units which will not tolerate poor maintenance. Your experiences and observations suggest to me that attention to this engine has not been of the best.
It is my view that VAG did the PD engine no favours whatsoever when they stopped using the electromagnetically actuated Bosch injectors.
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